Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research (SRH)
Including the Human Reproduction Special Programme (HRP)

Caesarean section

Worldwide, caesarean section rates have been steadily increasing, without significant additional benefit to the health of women or their babies.

In response to requests from health professionals and countries, in 2018 WHO used HRP evidence to develop programmatic guidance on non-clinical interventions that can be implemented to reduce the unnecessary use of caesarean sections.

The release of these recommendations was accompanied by the publication of a  Series in The Lancet on optimizing the use of caesarean section, which discusses many of the issues addressed by the WHO guideline.

Questions and answers

News

Publications

WHO recommendations: non-clinical interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean sections
This new guideline on non-clinical interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean sections incorporates the views, fears and beliefs of both women and health...
WHO recommendation on vaginal preparation with antiseptic agents for women undergoing caesarean section

The recommendation in this document thus supersedes the previous WHO recommendation on vaginal preparation with antiseptic agents for women undergoing...

WHO recommendation on prophylactic antibiotics for women undergoing caesarean section

The recommendation in this document thus supersedes the previous WHO recommendation on prophylactic antibiotics for women undergoing caesarean section...

WHO recommendations on choice of antiseptic agent and method of application for preoperative skin preparation for caesarean section

The recommendations in this document thus supersede the previous WHO recommendations for choice of antiseptic agent and method of application for preoperative...

Robson Classification: Implementation Manual

In 2015, WHO proposed the use of the Robson classification (also known as the 10-group classification) as a global standard for assessing, monitoring and...

WHO statement on caesarean section rates

Since 1985, the international healthcare community has considered the ideal rate for caesarean sections to be between 10-15%. Since then, caesarean sections...

Caesarean section without medical indication increases risk of short-term adverse outcomes for mothers

Caesarean section is one of the most commonly performed surgical operations in the world today. However, in a growing number of cases worldwide, caesarean...

Journal articles

2025

Diaz V, Gialdini C, Chamillard M, et al.  Evidence-based medical procedures to optimise caesarean outcomes: an overview of systematic reviews. EClinicalMedicine. 2025;83:103212. Published 2025 Apr 30. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103212

2024

Gialdini C, Chamillard M, Diaz V, et al. Evidence-based surgical procedures to optimize caesarean outcomes: an overview of systematic reviews. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;72:102632. Published 2024 May 19. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102632